History of iron, vintage and modern irons. How did the Chinese stroking clothes in ancient? Than stroked clothes in ancient

The ironing is a unique process that allows you to turn the fried fabric into a beautiful and neat clothes. What stroked our ancestors' clothes? And the hedgehog is clear that the iron was invented relatively recently. Prior to this, humanity used completely different ways to iron linen and clothing.

1) Stone. The first and perhaps the most primitive subject for ironing clothes was a big flat stone. On the hard surface, the clothes were spread and attached it to another stone.

Once a batch of trousers, intended for sale, packed in the hold and folded along. Americans, seeing trousers with the "arrows", took them for the new course of the European Fashion. Later on the trousers began to make "arrows", and the new fashion spread around the world.

2) Rubel and roller. Another ancient way of ironing. Lingerie was covered with a flat stick and rolled through a corrugated board with a table top. This technology, by the way, until recently applied in many ironing machines.

3) Brazier with coals. Coals were placed inside a special case and covered with a lid. Later, a steam iron came to replace the coal, but he lasted for a long time. The spread of electricity gave the world first iron with an electric spiral, represented in 1881 at the exhibition in Paris.

You have read the answer to the question than stroked clothes in the old days? And if the material stood down, then write down - »What did the clothes in the old days stroked?? .

Mold appears on clothes after it lay for a long time somewhere in the cheese, poorly ventilated place. An ordinary washing of clothes will not help with ordinary means of mold from clothing. The following method is best for removing mold. Clothes with mold must be carefully dried in the sun or somewhere in a dry place. After that, to pour a crushed chalk on the fungus, to cover the napkin on top and swallow several times the iron. You can also soak and store clothing in the wardrobe under definite rules. First of all, make sure that the clothes are not tightly pressed - this leads to crumpled and deformation of the sleeves, collar and other elements. Pants should be stored on special hangers, and clothes that you want often, put closer to the door of the wardrobe. Teach yourself to make general cleaning in the wardrobe at least twice a year - clothing should be taken on fresh air, and the wardrobe is to ventilate. Check, there is when choosing clothes for fitness you need to take into account the selected area of \u200b\u200bclasses. But there are general recommendations that should be taken into account regardless of your sports preferences. In the first place they relate to underwear. For fitness classes, you will need a special bra - a bodice that supports the chest. It is especially worth taking care of the acquisition of such a laundry to nursing mothers and owners of lush forms, as well as those who chose the intensive type of training - aerobics, step, hip - hop. A special sports bra might look like picking clothes on the figure, do not forget the main rule - trying to hide the shortcomings, do not forget at the same time to emphasize and dignity. When choosing clothes, it is worth considering some nuances. Horizontal stripes and patterns will emphasize completeness. Visually make a figure more slim help the diagonal cell, stretched vertically patterns, vertical strip .. Multilayer drapery and skirts, as well as rollers on skirts visually add volumes of the figure, so such outfits will fit thin girls, if you know the main heroine of Games - Lilly, It is necessary to fulfill the next task of its company in which it works as a consultant for clothing. Until the evening, she needs to pick up several sets of clothing for famous people. In addition to clothes, Lilly still should pick up the right makeup to the image. For this, it goes to a multi-storey boutique, where there are many shops with the most diverse clothes. Lilly needs gradually bypassing all stores, entering the fitting room and constituting harmonious sets of clothing,

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What devices had in the household of our grandmothers and great-grandmothers to smooth out the wicked? In former times, not so much stroked as "rolled" underwear. Than? Meet:
Rubel

Rubel was a rectangular board with a handle: on the bottom side were cut, transverse rounded scubons, and the top, the front side was often decorated with carvings.
In order to stroke, the hostess folded clothes, tablecloth, towel along, trying to give her the same width as at the rill. And they wrapped them with a rolling pin, forming a tight bundle. Rubel put on top and from the edge of the table rolled forward, softening and smoothing the linen fabric - rolled. And it was a mechanical way of ironing.
Lingerie required certain physical efforts from a woman. Procherat-Skintsmen knew that well-label linen had an excellent, fresh look, even if the washing was not completely brilliantly. Therefore, having surveated sometimes in washing, they achieved the necessary impression otherwise, they knew how to "take not washing, so catalym."

In the photo: Rubered, XIX century. - Exhibits of the Balahnin Museum Historical and Art Complex.

Another tool for washing served Valek. This small wooden spatula "Valyali" or "riveted" washed underwear on a stone or on a blackboard on the shore. If neither the stupa nor trough, ...

Another tool for washing served Valek. This small wooden spatula "Valyali" or "riveted" washed underwear on a stone or on a blackboard on the shore. If neither the stupa nor the trough, nor Lohan did not differ beauty, then the rollers could be decorated with intricate ornaments.

This was due to the fact that they were often pretended by the girls guys as a gift, and then, in addition to ordinary threads on the surface of the roller, the initials of the beloved and date of giving. These rollers resembled stylized female figures: the thickening at the end of the handle served as a head, the working part of the roller - the torso, and the concentration of the base with his hands.

A beautiful carved roller, painted with bright paint, was a pity to work and work ... In the National Museum there are Valek, according to which it can be seen - the owner was bold and did not allow him to work.

Any responsible hostess knows: washing - it is still half, we must still turn out what thoughtful hands blew.

What and how they stood clothes in ancient

What devices had in the household of our grandmothers and great-grandmothers to smooth out the wicked?
In former times, not so much stroked as "rolled" underwear. Than? Meet:

Rubel and Rock

Rubel was a rectangular board with a handle: on the bottom side were cut, transverse rounded scubons, and the top, the front side was often decorated with carvings.

In order to stroke, the hostess folded clothes, a tablecloth, towel along, trying to give her the same width as at the rill. And they wrapped them with a rolling pin, forming a tight bundle. Rubel put on top and from the edge of the table rolled forward, softening and smoothing the linen fabric - rolled. And it was a mechanical way of ironing.

In the north, the thread was "digging" when the surface of the subject was covered with a gear pattern, but could simply cut ornaments with thin contour lines. And again, on Rubel, you can often see initials and dates - the right signs that this is a gift.

Lingerie required certain physical efforts from a woman, but should not think that the parish in the village houses of the metal iron made the process of ironing easier.

First irons

First, such an iron in the village life was a thing dear and rare, and therefore served as an indicator of welfare (as well as samovar, for example). Secondly, ironing technology compared with the risk of laundry ruble was even more laborious.

There were two main types of irons - tailoring and laundry, although both in the houses were those and others. The tailoring iron was essentially a sharp-like bar of cast iron with a handle.

He was glowed on fire and carefully took pictures for the handle, so as not to burn. Such irons were of various sizes - from very small, for ironing small folds on clothes, to giants, to raise which only a man.

The tailors, as a rule, were men, and they had to work with very dense heavy tissues (I once had to flash such a cloth - I had to do it, blushing and puffing from Natuga, and with the risk to break the needle). And the tools for ironing were appropriate.

Laundry irons were heated in a different way: they were hollow inside and had a movable valve in a wide part of the case - a cast iron heavy core was invested there, heated on fire.

Another type of irons used in everyday life is carbohydrated or brass irons. The upper part of the body has been folded in such an iron, and the coals were laid inside.

The cooled coals of the hostess inflated or heated, swaying the iron from side to the side. Therefore, it was also important not to care with ironing! The coal iron could be equipped with a pipe and appearance more reminded the doppoplated steamer.

Representing the hostess, swinging the passionist cast-iron structure, you are convinced - the snarling of our "grandmothers" was deplated, and power - too. Naturally, the modern plastic-teflon handsome man is many times easier than its cast-iron cast predecessor.

The lightest weigh 2.5 kilogram, the average size of the irons within 4 kg - for several hours of ironing the digit is impressive. Well, the hardest - cast tailoring giant - forced the shimmer is placed plaintively and show 12 kilograms ...

It's hard to answer this question. It is believed that the first iron appeared when they began to produce clothes from the fabric, although the archaeologists are firmly confident that the ancient people stroked their skins with a special polished bone of the murdered mammoth.
In the IV century BC, in ancient Greece, methods of pleating of clothes from the canvas were invented using a hot metal rod, reminding the rolling pin. It is also known that the first irons appeared in China, even in the VIII century to iron silk. They were small metal stoves or brazers filled with hot coals.

History of Iron In Russia, shorter than the world. In Russia, there was a special invention, it was called Rubel. This ruble and the iron was not like, a thick wooden bar with a handle and a corrugated edge. They stroked them like this: the lingerie was wound on the rolling pin and rolled her with a ribbed wooden ruble. Thick unqualified canvas smoothed, stretching on the equity and transverse thread. This process was very tedious, but the chewed linen canvas, from which the clothes were sewed in the old days, was rude, as a lot, so I had to roll. With the help of Rubel, it was not only able to smooth out, but also to make it softer.

The first mention of the Russian Iron was found in 1636 in the book of spending of the royal court: "The Blacksmith Ivashka Trofimov issued five Altyn, so that he embroidered iron iron for the Tsarist Chamber."
Iron, cast iron and bronze irons came to our life in the era of Peter the First. They were cast or kisov, by the will of the master giving them a form of a lion, whale, a ship, decorating curls, but more often - without decorating. It lasted the entire metal iron until 1967 together with its shortcomings - a hot handle and ability to quickly cool.

Hot iron plates for ironing folds and fabric appeared in Europe already in the 16th century. Women used so-called bucks - iron mugs, glass balls with hot water.

Later, when rushes, bows, folds appear in fashion, the first iron irons designed to care for them appear. In the XVIII century, tiny irons for fashionistas, which smoothed gloves, lace and caps were smoothed. Such irons decorated with porcelain handles and painted enamel. I must say that they were then very and very expensive. They richly decorated with ornaments, and during the visits of the guests, the iron was put off at a decoration, along with a samovar. The presence of such an attribute in the house spoke about the wealth and welfare of the owner.

According to historians, the first iron in Russia appeared in the XVII century - it was forged and heated on the furnace.
In the XVIII century, in our country, the irons began to produce in the Demidov factories. Then the first iron was invented with the liner, which was split and put inside the hollow body of the iron. Inserts There was a few and inserted alternately. This made it possible to iron continuously. Also enjoyed success and coal iron. At first he was heated on the coals, then the cover was opened and the corners were filled into the body. Weight such an iron is quite a lot.
Separately manufactured irons for smoothing the sleeves and collar. These were comfortable small weaves.

At the beginning of the XIX century, the Americans committed a breakthrough - came up with a gas iron. But, unfortunately, there were no such irons in Russia and could not be.

At the beginning of the century, there was no gas in our country. In addition, gas irons often explode.

Soon the Europeans invented alcohol iron. Inside the iron was a kolkin, in which it was necessary to pour alcohol. Alcohol irons did not smell, did not produce smoke and did not form soot. Were safe. But in Russia the attitude towards alcohol has always been special. Up to irons, the liquid never reached.

Electrification solved a lot of problems. An electric iron appeared on June 6, 1882, he was created by Americans Henry Sili. In the world's first electric iron, the heating element was an electric arc between coal electrodes, to which a constant current was supplied. Spiral, heating sole, solved many problems.
There were thermostators. To facilitate the work of the iron supplied with humidifiers of different designs. It seemed that he would have to produce a revolution as a light bulb, all other anklened irons would have to disappear, but for some reason the revolution was stretched almost a hundred years.
In Russia, the first electric iron was released only in 1949.
Modern iron strokes in any mode, it sprinkles the cloth itself, it turns off itself.
... to iron a modern iron, no special skill do not need. Pure, comfortable, safe.

Modern irons are very helpful in the farm - they are also stroking, and all this is incredibly quick and easy! But who invented the iron for the first time? What kind did they originate? Below in the article describes the history of the iron.

Ancient times

According to scientists, the history of the iron begins in antiquity. Most likely, we used ordinary stones for this purpose, which put on clothes and left for a while. The stone served as the press function, and the clothes were smoothed under his weight.

To smooth out the folds, our ancestors stretched wet cloth and dried in the sun. The Greeks in antiquity not only smoothed, but also created to give fabric originality, they invented pleate, but such an effect was achieved with the help of heated metal spots.

Romans for alignment used metal hammers. They "knocked out" the folds from the Chinese in the IV century were used by the adaptation that resembles the pan.

Slavs were not limited to one tool. I stroked things with the help of the "Valka" - sticks with a handle - and "Rubel" - a corrugated board. Clothes wound on "Valek", and on top rolled "Rubel", or, as it was also called, "Prak". Through such actions, not only smoothed clothes, but also softened it, because the tissue of coarse natural threads.

Middle Ages: Iron on coals

As can be seen, the need for a tool for ironing was almost always. Perhaps even used sticks or bones to smooth the skin just killed mammoth.

In the Middle Ages, the history of the iron continues its move. In Europe, they used a brazier, which, apparently, came from China. The hot corners were poured on top and, holding a handle, drove through clothes, smoothing wrinkles. It was not safe to do this, because the departing coals could seriously damage the person and burn the product.

In the XVI century, coal irons come to shifts, they were also called steam. Such adaptations had an opening body for coal, the handle was located on top, and on the sides - small holes. Some had a pipe that provided the best craving.

The bottom of the iron cooled a much slower than in the rookery. In order not to give coal to cool, blew in the side openings. These irons were incredibly severe, but sometimes to raise the heat had to swing them in different directions. The uniformity of the heating of the base was provided with a grid, which was put inside, under the corners. The steam irons, though it was more conveniently terrible, still often lost coals and could spoil the fabric.

Cast iron irons

Fashion and weaving develops gradually. Started staps are harder, and tissue is thinner and more tender. Ordinary sticks with handles and hazardous frying frying are no longer suitable. First, inside the heated blank from the cast iron (instead of coal). After and completely replaced the design on a solid cast iron iron.

True, weighed such a tool about 10 kilograms, so it was used mainly for coarse tissue.

Smaller irons were used for thin tissues. Cuffs, hats, details of costumes stroked various tailoring iron and curls. There were even special gloves that repeat the shape of gloves. Here is a rich diversity.

Vintage iron from the cast iron should first warm up well in the furnace or on fire. It lasted for quite a long time, sometimes up to an hour. Therefore, the inventors have improved the desired device, making the knob removable. In this case, two iron was used: one washed, and the second stroked, which ensured a significant time savings.

One-piece cast irons were manufactured in Russia until the middle of the 20th century, and the last released iron with interchangeable handles dates back to 1989.

Works of art

In addition to useful functions, the ancient irons also had aesthetic. The manufacture of such a "aggregate" was a creative process. Pens, side parts and tops made relief, they often decorated with ornaments. The surface was covered with other metals, for example, bronze, to give greater grace of cast-iron lump.

For particularly noble families, the irons were made to order. They were made up with copper and silver inserts, wooden carved handles.

To purchase such a tool needed in the farm, it was necessary to spend pretty. They cost expensive and constituted an integral part of the homemade life, which was inherited from parents to children. In Russia and Ukraine, the irons raised next to the samovar, on a lace tablecloth, demonstrating them, like a beautiful vase or picture.

Irons on alcohol

In Germany, in the XIX century, irons operating at the expense of alcohol were invented. A metallic box was attached to the device, which poured alcohol. Thin tubes inside the iron was attached to a box with alcohol. The fuel was raised on them inside, then it was done by hand and burned.

Alcohol models were a real innovation. They were easier to use them more convenient. In Russia, for such an iron it was possible to give 10 cast-iron. Yes, and nobody wanted to translate in vain, therefore, such an invention did not fit. In addition to alcohol, there were kerosene irons with a similar principle of work.

In Novgorod, came up with an aggregate operating at the expense of water. From above, a kettle was fastened to him, who warmed the water, and the sole of the iron was heated from her.

Gas irons

At the end of the XIX century, gas is actively used. Irons appear, which are heated from its combustion. The gas cylinder was attached to the device, and inside it was connected with a burner with a metal tube.

The design was complemented by the pump, which was sometimes accompanied by a fan. They were located on the lid of the iron. So that the mechanism earned, it started the key. The fan started spinning, the pump pushed fuel from the barrel on the metal tube. Many holes in the tube passed the gas pairs in the burner. The iron was settled, and the heat from the combustion of the gas vapor heated the sole.

The use of such a mechanism, probably, facilitated life, compared with heavy cast iron irons. Only the safety of the device was questioned. The negligence appeal, and ordinary inattention led to frequent accidents - fires and explosions.

Miracle electricians

Electricity has become an incredible gift to mankind. With its help, life is much simplified, and the new devices were invented one by one. The first electric iron presented the Mire of Henry Sili on June 6, 1882.

The basis of the structure was the heating arc hidden in the body of the device. She was between the two to which the current was supplied. The design was by no means perfect, so I needed to use the iron very carefully - you could get a blow to the current.

Later, the arc with the electrodes was replaced by a spiral, which was isolated much better. Modern iron producers still use this design. Only details are changed, every year improved once invented mechanism.

The household appliances were installed thermostats, which follow the temperature, the metal base was glass-ceramic, various additional functions and modes appeared.

Museums

In memory of the past worldwide, there are museums in which the old irons can be found. In Russia, in Pereyaslav Zalessky, the Iron Museum has grown out of an antique store. He opened in 2002. The director of the museum actively scared irons, spending more than 30 thousand dollars for it. Most of them were purchased at the expense of Moscow in Izmailovo.

The collection is about 200 exhibits. Here you can find iron, and steam, and heating models. The museum even hosts the Iron holiday several times a year.

In the Ukrainian city of Zaporizhia, the museum of the Iron was opened quite recently. Employees of the "equestrian theater" came up with collecting old models of irons at all by chance. After four years, the collectibles gathered enough exhibits for the opening of the museum.

There are about 300 irons in the institution, some of them were given to the Museum from Pereyaslav-Zalessky. Here you can learn in detail about the history and development of such a right household appliance.

Iron museums also have in the capital of Latvia, in the city of Grodno, in Belarus, in France, in Rubė. Collect them in the USA, the Netherlands, Japan.

One of the biggest museums is French. It contains about 4,000 exhibits, including the XVI century models. The museum even contains stylized lounges, as well as ironing machines.

Conclusion

The history of the iron is rooted deep into centuries. Constantly enhanced, the devices changed their appearance. The invention of irons passed a huge path: from dangerous filled with coal models to bulky cast iron, from alcohol to electric. Now the iron is an ordinary phenomenon and quite banal, and before they were not only used in everyday life, but also served as a decoration of the house. Modern models use the design that invented in the XIX century, but still continue to change their appearance and details.